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The spin-orbit interaction 16 and optical angular momentum 17 have been invested by utilizing different kinds of metasurfaces. The generalized Snell’s law 11, which explains the phenomenon of anomalous refractions and reflections, gives birth to lots of unprecedented metasurface lenses or plates by designing abrupt phase variations 12, 13, 14, 15. The surface electric and magnetic susceptibilities are firstly proposed to characterize the metasurfaces 6, 7 and these parameters are manipulated purposely to cancel the scattered waves in order to produce ultrathin mantle cloaks 8, 9, 10. Although both bulk metamaterials and metasurfaces are composed of artificial structures, their physical natures are different due to the fact that the field averaging on a surface cannot be accurately described by the effective permittivity and permeability, which are essentially 3D constitutive parameters. The proposed mechanism and functional device have great application potential in new-concept radar and communication systems.Ĭompared with three-dimensional (3D) bulk metamaterials, planar metasurfaces are capable of manipulating electromagnetic waves within more compact space 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, thus leading to smaller volume and easier fabrication. Thus, we realize the digital modulation of electromagnetic waves, from which we present the field-programmable reflective antenna with good measurement performance. Through data lines, the instant communications are established between the coding metasurface and the internal memory of field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA). Here, we present a direct digital mechanism to control the scattered electromagnetic waves using coding metasurface, in which each unit cell loads a pin diode to produce binary coding states of “1” and “0”. Metamaterials and/or metasurfaces enable the direct modulation of electromagnetic waves by designing subwavelength structures, which opens a new way to control the beam scanning.
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However, the phase shifter deals with the phase of the induced current hence, it has to be in the path of each element of the antenna array, making the phased array antennas very expensive. Digital phase shifters have been applied in traditional phased array antennas to realize beam steering.